Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Book Review - Essay Example Humankind isn't just made with the limit of choice, yet in addition have a spirit that carries mankind closer to achieving the flawlessness and scholarly structure. This is certifiably not another methodology, yet includes further logical support for the confidence in God, yet additionally presents the thought of confidence being driven by the science and hereditary qualities of humanity: â€Å"The intensity of legend lies underneath its exacting understandings, in the capacity of its all inclusive images and topics to associate us with the most fundamental pieces of ourselves in manners that rationale and reason alone can't This contention is that the truth of God is driven from human feelings and the organic make-up of the mind. Anyway this doesn't imply that religion and God is in the brain of the adherent; rather this perspective on religion is the expansion of these abstract human feelings, for example they point to the truth of God in the individual’s mind yet don't originate from God. â€Å"Any thought may trigger a legend on the off chance that it can bring together rationale and instinct, and lead to a condition of left-mind/right-cerebrum understanding. In this condition of entire cerebrum congruity, neurological vulnerabilities are effectively mitigated as existential contrary energies are accommodated and the issue of cause is resolved†. This logical methodology of Newberg gives a normal clarification of the long conventional of supernatural idea, which has been disdained for its subjectivity. Rumi is an Islamic case of a spiritualist who underpins the otherworldly association of the devotee and God. This spiritualist methodology was in light of the over defending of standard Islamic thinker’s on the idea of God and upholding rules on human’s (Rumi, 1996). Rumi’s approach is an individual way to deal with God and as Von Schlegell contends is â€Å"to right the perspective on Sufism as counter. [to legalistic] culture. simultaneously, as the work under audit appears, endeavors to de-confuse Sufism, and to depict it at fill in as however one among numerous social powers in Islamic history would be going excessively far in

The Pyramids Essays (222 words) - Giza Plateau, Egyptian Pyramids

The Pyramids The Great Pyramids of Egypt The Pyramids of Egypt were worked from 2700-2500 BC. It's situated in Giza, Egypt, on the West Bank of the Nile River. The pyramids are the most established and the just one getting by of all the old marvels. Its accepted to have taken 100,000 slave workers and around 20 years to assemble the monstrous pyramid utilizing about 2.3 million squares of stone. Each square averaging 2 ? huge amounts of weight. Of the ten pyramids the initial three are held in the most elevated respect. The first and biggest pyramid was worked for the Pharaoh Khufu. Which is known as the Great Pyramid. It's around 430 ft and spreads 13 sections of land. For a long time when the development of the Great Pyramid the Egyptians expected that the King Pharaoh-Kings, whom they accepted to be living divine beings, in multifaceted burial places. A few Pharaohs were over the ground like the pyramids and others were cut in the stone beneath the mountains. All the dead chiefs were equipped with numerous things since t hey had faith in the after live to come. Such a significant number of were covered with untold fortunes. At the point when it was assembled the Great Pyramid 145.75 m high. Throughout the years is lost 10 m off its top. It positioned the tallest structure on Earth for over 43 centuries History Essays

Difficult Professional Situation

In my expert life, I have experienced a great deal of troublesome circumstances yet somehow I figure out how to get over it. Issues dog each organization and the abilities of the workers and how these representatives handle troublesome circumstances reflect how an organization recuperates from such issues. I am pleased to state that I can view myself as one of these great representatives who can deal with troublesome situations.One of the most troublesome circumstances I have looked in my whole profession was the point at which I worked at Freddie Mac during the entirety of the repetitions. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was simply executed at that point and I was in a group doled out to actualize control forms required by the demonstration. As my group was working, we saw that a significant number of the administrators would not pay attention to the changes. They see that it isn't as significant as their other tasks.Having seen this issue, I proposed that we make the procedure all the more engaging. Motivations were set up with the goal that the various groups will begin to pay attention to the procedure more. After some time, the errands turned out to be natural to all the representatives. Thus, the whole firm observed our prosperity and we were given due acknowledgment for our endeavors. Others offices inside the organization additionally observed our prosperity and chose to execute the equivalent to guarantee the correct procedures are watched.

Rhetorical Analysis of “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” Essay

Being glad for one’s culture and language is in many cases lost when moving to another nation. In spite of the fact that scrutinized and assaulted for her way of life, Gloria Anzaldua portrays in â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† that she won't let others compel her to dismiss her way of life for having a place and illuminates Americans and Latinos endeavoring to stifle Chicano culture explicitly that she will drive forward through the hardship to keep her personality alive and flourishing. Anzaldua calls her perusers to comprehend that the Chicano language and legacy ought to be perceived and that they be distinguished as a particular people; that they are more than nothing. Anzaldua starts with drawing in the peruser by giving an individual encounter of when she was sent to the side of the study hall for â€Å"talking back† to her educator when her expectation was simply to advise the instructor how to articulate her name (374). In her second segment â€Å"Over coming the Tradition of Silence† (374), Anzaldua includes interior actuate the way of life of the Chicano and the boundaries of her language, supporting her believability and supporting ethos with another individual record. She shows these various situations from her perspective, giving her crowd what it feels like to live through these circumstances as a Chicano. Exchanging to and fro from English to Spanish, Anzaldua astutely utilizes this type of word usage to build up ethos with the peruser. She puts the peruser to some degree from her point of view when experiencing childhood in America, not knowing each English word she was perused or heard. It causes the peruser to feel rather unbalanced or humiliated for not comprehending what the Spanish words mean. Another type of ethos is available when she states, â€Å"If you truly need to hurt me, talk gravely about my language† (378). Anzaldua utilizes ethos again to show that what individuals esteem exceptionally, their language, is the thing that she esteems earnestly, asserting â€Å"I am my language† (378). Anzaldua builds up logos by edifying us with regards to why Chicano Spanish is unique in relation to Standard Spanish, clarifying that the huge contrasts in the Spanish Chicanos talk created following 250 years of Spanish/Angloâ colonization (376). She again utilizes rationale in confirming that despite the fact that before this present century's over Spanish speakers will typify the biggest minority bunch in the U.S, English will be the primary language of Chicanos and Latinos because of the furious impact of the corruption of the utilization of Spanish (378). Works Cited Anzaldua, Gloria. â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† From Inquiry to Academic Writing: A Text and Reader. second ed. Ed. Stuart Green and April Lidinsky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 322-36. Print. Documentation Statement: I got no assistance on this task.

What Is a Psychologist Vs a Psychiatrist

What Is a Psychologist Vs a Psychiatrist Psychotherapy Print Differences Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 12, 2019  istockphoto More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand Education and Training Prescriptive Authority Treating Patients Career Path Job Outlook View All Back To Top The terms psychologist and psychiatrist are often used interchangeably to describe anyone who provides therapy services, but the two professions and the services they provide differ in terms of content and scope.  Psychiatrists are medical doctors who are able to prescribe medications, which they do in conjunction with providing psychotherapy, though medical and pharmacological interventions are often their focus. Though many psychologists hold doctorate degrees, they are not medical doctors, and most cannot prescribe medications. Rather, they solely provide psychotherapy, which may involve cognitive and behavioral interventions. Education, Training, and Credentials While psychologists and psychiatrists may have some overlapping responsibilities, such as conducting psychotherapy  and performing research, the background they need to perform them differs. Requirements for Psychologists Psychologists receive graduate training in psychology and pursue either a  Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)  or  PsyD (Doctor of Psychology)  in clinical or  counseling psychology. Doctorate programs typically take five to seven years to complete and most states require an additional one- or two-year-long internship in order to gain licensure. Other states require another year or two of supervised practice before granting full licensure. During their education,  those pursuing either a Ph.D. or PsyD doctoral degree take courses in personality development, psychological research methods, treatment approaches, psychological theories, cognitive therapies, and behavioral therapies, among other topics. They also  complete a one- or two-year-long  internship,  followed by a period of supervised practice. The title of psychologist can only be used by an individual who has completed the required education, training, and state licensure requirements. Informal titles, such as counselor or therapist, are often used as well, but other mental health care professionals, such as licensed  social workers,  can also claim these titles. The Ph.D. degree option tends to be more research-oriented. Those who earn a Ph.D. in clinical or counseling psychology receive extensive training in research methods and complete a dissertation. The PsyD degree option, on the other hand, tends to be more practice-oriented. Students who pursue this degree option spend more time learning about and practicing clinical approaches and treatment methods. Like psychiatrists, psychologists utilize the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose people who are experiencing symptoms of psychological illness. They often use psychological tests such as personality tests, clinical interviews, behavioral assessments, and IQ tests in order to get a better idea of how a client is functioning. Requirements for Psychiatrists Psychiatrists are physicians that have specific training in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses. In order to  become a psychiatrist, students first earn an undergraduate degree before they attend medical school and receive an MD. After finishing their medical training, they also complete an additional four years of residency training in mental health. This residency often involves working in the psychiatric unit of a hospital. They also work with a wide variety of patients, ranging from children to adults, who may have behavioral problems, emotional difficulties, or some sort of psychiatric disorder. During this medical residency, those specializing in psychiatry receive training and practice in how to diagnose and treat different psychiatric conditions such as PTSD, ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists receive training in different psychotherapy treatment modalities, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a popular treatment approach that has been shown to have a high level of effectiveness in the treatment of a wide variety of psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, stress, and anger issues. Some research suggests that combining CBT and medications may be more effective than medication alone in the treatment of some conditions. Psychiatrists also receive additional training in a specific area of interest, such as geriatric psychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, addictions, and other areas. Some may then choose to specialize further by completing a fellowship in an area like neuropsychiatry, geriatrics, adolescent psychiatry, or psychopharmacology. Prescriptive Authority A second important distinction between the two careers is that psychiatrists can  prescribe medications, while, in most states, psychologists cannot. However, there has been a recent push to grant prescribing powers to psychologists. Some statesâ€"such as New Mexico and Louisianaâ€"now grant prescribing privileges to medical psychologists holding a post-doctoral masters degree or equivalent in clinical psychopharmacology. Kevin McGuinness, chairman of the Commissioned Corps Mental Health Functional Advisory Group, writes, For those interested in a  career in psychology  as a prescriber, it is important to know that certain federal employees and uniformed commissioned officers (Army, Air Force, Public Health Service, Navy, etc.) that are licensed in one state as a medical psychologist may prescribe in any other state to which they are assigned by the federal government. How They Treat Patients While the two professions are distinct, psychologists and psychiatrists both play important roles in mental health treatment. Very often, they work in collaboration with one another to provide the best possible treatment for an individual. For example, patients may begin by seeing their primary care physician about the psychological symptoms that they are experiencing. Their doctor may then refer them to a psychologist for further evaluation. That psychologist may observe, assess, and diagnose the patient before referring them to a psychiatrist who can prescribe and monitor medications. The psychologist and psychiatrist may work together, with the psychologist offering behavioral interventions and the psychiatrist providing or adjusting medication, in order to best address the patients symptoms. The type of approach needed often depends on the severity of the symptoms and the needs and wishes of the patient. According to research, patients differ as to what is preferredâ€" psychotherapy alone or in combination with medicationâ€"which, therefore, can affect what professionals they see. The expense can also be a mitigating factor; some studies have found that combining treatment approaches may also be more cost-effective for patients. Your Career Path If you are considering a career as a therapist, you will need to determine which career path is best for you. Are you interested in conducting  psychotherapy, administering psychological tests, and conducting research? If so, a career as a psychologist may be the best choice for you. On the other hand, if you have an interest in medicine and want to be able to prescribe medications to your patients, a career in psychiatry might be for you. If you do not want to invest five to eight years in graduate training, consider pursuing a career as a licensed  social worker  or  counselor. These professionals are also qualified to provide mental health services depending on training and experience. Both social work and counseling typically require two or three years of graduate study. Psychiatric nursing  is another great career option for students interested in medicine. Advanced psychiatric nurses hold a masters degree or higher in psychiatric-mental health nursing and are able to assess patients, diagnose disorders, provide psychotherapy, and prescribe medications. Life as a Psychologist or Psychiatrist Work/life balance and work settings are other factors that students should consider when choosing between a career as a psychologist or psychiatrist. Both medical school and graduate school are rigorous and require a significant investment of time, resources, and energy. A medical residency can be grueling, and students should feel comfortable working in medical settings if they opt to enter the field of psychiatry. After graduating, psychiatrists who choose to work in hospital settings may be required to work long hours or be on-call. Psychiatrists may work in hospitals, but they may also opt to work in community mental health centers, academic settings, or private practice. Those who choose to work in private practice may find that they have more control over their schedules and hours. Psychologists also face similar demands. Some psychologists may also choose to work in hospital settings, while others can be found in mental health clinics, government agencies, academic settings, and private practice. Professionals in this field may find that they need to work evening and weekend hours in order to accommodate clients who work during typical business hours. Like psychiatrists, psychologists working in the mental health field may also need to be on-call at times or be able to respond to emergency situations. Job Outlook According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the job outlook for psychologists and psychiatrists is expected to grow at a fairly similar rate. The demand for psychiatrists is predicted to rise at a rate of 15 percent between the years 2014 and 2024, amounting to an increase of around 4,200 jobs. The demand for psychologists is expected to grow at a somewhat larger rate of 19 percent between the years 2014 and 2024, amounting to an increase of about 32,500 more jobs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median salary for psychologists as of May 2016 was $75,230 per year. The median annual salary for psychiatrists in May 2016 was considerably higher at $245,673. A Word From Verywell Psychologists and psychiatrists represent distinctive professional designations, but both play a critical role in the field of mental health. Key differences between psychologists and psychiatrists come down to educational background and prescribing powers, but both share the important goal of helping patients feel better.   Neither one is better than the other, but ones needs and specific symptoms may play a role in which professional is best equipped to assist with treatment.

The Concept of Time in Virgina Woolfs To the Lighthouse - Literature Essay Samples

The word romantic is derived from the medieval romaunt, which was a tale of chivalry, written in a romance language, that often took the form of a quest. In the 18th and 19th centuries, this idea of romance became an intellectual or artistic quest which focused strongly on the individuals personal search for the meaning and the essence of human existence. Modernism, on the other hand, is characterized by a rejection or and reaction against romantic ideas in order to establish a pure and original way of thinking. Modernists saw themselves as overthrowing traditional techniques to create revolutionary new artforms, a replacement of what they perceived to be a stale worldview with a novel, progressive social and artistic identity. Virginia Woolf, a key figure in Modernist literature, writes in her essay Modern Novels that modern art is art is somehow an improvement upon the old because it manages to preserve more sincerely and exactly what interests and moves [people] by discarding most of the conventions which are commonly observed by the novelists. According to Woolf, what we might venture to call life itself is the semi-transparent envelope, or luminous halo, surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end, and the chief task of the novelist [is] to convey this incessantly varying spirit with whatever stress or sudden deviation it may display, and as little admixture of the alien and external as possible. For Woolf, the novelists duty is to reveal the consciousness of individuals and to restrain from using antiquated literary forms which distracted from this higher purpose. However, though Woolf wrote many landmark works of Modernist literature, she not only uses, but relies upon several romantic conventions in her works. The notion of the individual, subjective human experience, that private mental world of characters which fascinated Woolf so much, is a characteristic Romantic idea. In William Wordsworths poem Lines Composed a Few Miles above Ti ntern Abbey, he reflects on subjectivity by stating, with an eye made quiet by the power / Of harmony, and the deep power of joy, / We see into the life of things, and, Of eye, and ear, both what they half create, / and what perceive In To the Lighthouse, for instance, Woolfs portrayal of Lily Briscoes artistic enterprise employs the distinctive Romantic paradox between the subject and the object, between subjectivity and objectivity.She must try to get a hold of something that evaded her it evaded her now when she thought of her picture. Phrases came. Visions came. Beautiful pictures. Beautiful phrases. But what she wished to get hold of was that very jar on the nerves, the thing itself before it has been made anything. Lily Briscoe is at an impasse because she cannot seem to reconcile her inner vision of her painting with what she manages to put on the canvas, lamenting, She could see it all so clearly, so commandingly, when she looked: it was when she took her brush in hand that the whole thing changed. The idea of the spiritual realm of art, the subjective inner vision of a landscape, greatly interested Romantic German artists. Caspar David Friedrich, for instance, paints with his bodily eye closed and his spiritual eye open and invites viewers into his subjective inner world while at the same time making them aware of the boundary between the personal and the actual space in his paintings. Friedrichs paintings also show a deep awareness of Romantic Irony, and while he inserts human figures into breathtaking landscapes, there is always an impenetrable void between the subjective human and the objective world at large. The Wanderer above the Mists shows a man who, while having attained the heights of a great mountain peak, appears even more insignificant when he sees the immensity of the world around him. Lily Briscoe feels a similar insufficiency when she paints, and Woolf writes, And it was then too, in that chill and windy way, as she began to paint, th at there forced themselves upon her other things, her own inadequacy, her insignificance. She paints the mother and child, objects of universal veneration, as purple shapes on a painting, shadows merely cast by the light, for a light here required a shadow there. Like Friedrich, Lily wants immortalize the individual figures, the shape in the midst of chaos, while at the same time revealing their obscurity, anonymity, and equivocality in relation to the masses of lights. The paradox of the painting is not resolved until the very end of the novel, after ten years worth of revisions. Before Lily finishes her painting, she must find a way to connect this paradox in a cohesive manner; she must resolve the subjective dream in her head with the tangible canvas, paint, and picture. The question, Woolf implies, is whether this is possible: no image with semblance of serving and divine promptitude comes readily to hand bringing the night to order and making the world reflect the compass of th e soul. In Miscellaneous Observations, Novalis writes, We dream of traveling through the universe-but is not the universe within ourselves? The depths of our spirit are unknown to us-the mysterious way leads inwards. Eternity with its worlds-the past and future-is in ourselves or no where. To the Lighthouse is very much a book about the past and the future in people, spanning a course of ten years in the lives of the Ramsays and their friends. Lily Briscoe is the passive observer of the Ramsay familys path across time, but she attempts to capture one solitary moment in her painting. She struggles with capturing a singular, momentary consciousness because her own awareness of her painting is so influenced by the passing of time. And as she lost consciousness of outer things her mind kept throwing up from its depths, scenes, and names, and sayings, and memories and ideas, like a fountain spurting over that glaring, hideously difficult white space, while she modeled it with greens and blues. Woolf and her characters grapple with the idea of objective and subjective time: the external, systematic time that passes and the ineffable ways it affects us internally. From the beginning of UTo the Lighthouse] until the end, time is continually flowing over the Ramsay family, and they often endeavor to control it to make it stop, speed up, or wait as they struggle to catch up but always without even the slightest chance of success. The actual passage of time versus the feeling of time as it washes over us are, according to Woolf, two completely distinct things, for night and day, month and year ran shapelessly together it seemed as if the universe were battling and tumbling, in brute confusion and wanton lust aimlessly by itself. Woolf questions: But what after all is one night? A short space, especially when darkness dims so soon, and so soon a bird sings, a cock crows, or a faint green quickensNight, however, succeeds to night. The winter holds a pack of them in store and deals them equally, evenly, with indefatigable fingers. Time is experienced, as Novalis states, within ourselves.The notion of subjective time is a very Romantic idea. In The Prelude, an autobiographical poem by Wordsworth, he discusses his philosophy of spots of time, the unification of significant moments in an individuals life and the development of his mind that led to a truth outside of time. In To the Lighthouse, people and things can change in an instant, or they may take years decades even to progress, alter, or amend. Lilys search for unity among disparate, warring elements of subject and object, self and others, demands continuous effort as well as intuition, concurs Jack Stewart, While she attacks her canvas, another part of her mind relives the past, so that images from the two dimensions overlap, seamlessly fusing space and time. Woolfs characters often find themselves conflicted because they have to adjust to the times, despite their desire for stasis. James beg ins to resent his father when he is six years old, and ten years later, little seems to have changed. All of Woolfs characters profoundly miss Mrs. Ramsay after she has died, and many attempt to evoke her figure as a ghost. Yet reality is always at hand to make the memories fade and ghosts depart. People desire to control time because they desire a sense of security which stasis brings. In those mirrors, the minds of men, in those pools of uneasy water, in which clouds for ever turn and shadows form, dreams persisted, and it was impossible to resist the strange intimation the white earth itself seemed to declare that good triumphs, happiness prevails, order rules; or to resist the extraordinary stimulus to range hither and thither in search of some absolute good single, hard, bright, like a diamond in the sand, which would render the possessor secure.

Animal Farm, By George Orwell - 1089 Words

In George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigs’ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The first method in which the pigs use language to abuse their power is by using extensive detail and using vocabulary foreign to most animals. An example of the pigs using unknown terms can be found when Squealer explains to the other animals about how hard the pigs need to work to keep the farm running. â€Å"There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organization of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called ‘files,’ ‘reports,’ ‘minutes,’ and ‘memoranda’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 129). In this scene, the animals, being exhausted, hungry, and overworked, are told about how the pigs work just as hard as they do. Although this is completely untrue, seeing that the pigs only occupy themselves in self-centered and self-beneficial engagements, the other animals believe it to be true because theyShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, George Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1212 Words   |  5 PagesShe stood there over the dead animals thinking to herself what have we come to? We try to become free but we just enslave ourselves to a so called superior kind. Napoleon killed the animals in front of the whole farm and said that this was to be the punishment for the traitors. Snowball was known as a traitor now and anyone conspiring with him would be killed. Snowball and Napoleon both represent historical characters during the Russian revolution in 1917.Snowball who was one of the smartest pigsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

Teamwork in the Workplace - 2308 Words

What are the advantages and disadvantages of working in teams? By reference to relevant theory show how can the disadvantages be reduced or avoided. A team is a group of people working together to achieve the same objectives. Katzenbach and Smith state in their report The Discipline of Teams (1993) that ‘the essence of a team is common commitment. Without it, groups perform as individuals; with it, they become a powerful unit of collective performance.’ Throughout this study, I will analyse the many different advantages and disadvantages of working in teams and its effects on team members and their performance and commitment within the team. I will consider many different aspects of team work and refer to certain established theories in†¦show more content†¦In this case it is possible that a member of the team may show more leader like qualities, this could become disadvantageous to the team as the leader may attempt to dominate the group work and not consider the needs or views of other team members. This again could create conflict and unease amongst group members and will ultimately affect the collaborati on of the group project. Levin (2005) suggests that the idea of a team is to share the same objectives. This may not always be the case if team members have never met before and are not fully clear of the task set. This can lead to confusion between members and may mean that some team members are unwilling to be told by their peers what to do. This is an example on ineffective team work. A further disadvantage of teamwork may be that the team has existed too long and inspiration of new ideas has expired. This idea is discussed in Fincham and Rhodes (2005). There is a risk of team members becoming too friendly with each other and that friendships and professional relationships may be difficult to distinguish. If this occurs, team work is affected as it may be easy for team members to become distracted by personal issues rather than focussing on the task set. In this way team work may become less effective. It is important that team members remain professional when working inShow MoreRelatedThe Advantages of Teamwork at the Workplace1051 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Teamwork in the workplace has never seemed as important as it currently stands. Much of the cross-training that takes place in the workplace is due to the extended importance that has been placed on developing teams comprised of members who can handle a variety of tasks and are able to transition throughout the company at a moments notice. There are important components that a team must have in order to be the efficient and effective force that most managers desire of them. Effective teams areRead MoreTeamwork in the Workplace Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world teamwork is being utilized by companies across the globe. Employers are seeing the value of teamwork and what can be accomplished when people put the strengths together. These teams consist of people from different cultures with different personalities. Conflict is inevitable when it comes to group dynamics. Conflict resolution is necessary to keep the group functioning efficiently. This paper will analyze group dynamics and focus on conflict resolution by way of communication. Read MoreTeamwork And The Workplace Increasing Job Satisfaction1609 Words   |  7 PagesTeamwork is identified as one of the most important aspects in the workplace increasing job satisfaction (Korner, Wirtz, Bengel Gortiz, 2015). Since the 1980’s the numbe r of organizations following team based structure has increased significantly (Larson Lafasto, 1989). At first, it was believed that teams with higher intelligence would perform greater than teams with lower intelligence (Belbin, 2012). However, successful teams need individuals to adhere to certain roles. Some individuals areRead MoreWorking With Teams739 Words   |  3 PagesWorking with teams Working in teams is a common approach that many areas such as schools, workplaces are taking in certain tasks, responsibilities or even special projects. While it can be quite challenging to work in teams towards a common goal due to different personality types that people have it is very advantageous for both individuals and the organizations involved (Rasing, 2013).The paper will highlight on some of the positive experiences that exist for working in teams.it will at what peopleRead MoreThe Workforce Of Today Is Made Up Of Individuals From Diverse Backgrounds1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe significance of possessing the transferable skills such as teamwork. The reason has been the assumption that the mastery of the skills in the specific discipline can enable them to secure their dream position after graduation. However, given that the employees have a central role to play in the achievement of business goals and objectives, employers are increasingly placing more emphasis on skills such as communication, teamwork, and social responsibility (Schuele Madison, 2010). The principalRead MoreChapter1-Introduction. Existing Studies Focus On The Impact1030 Words   |  5 PagesChapter1-Introduction Existing studies focus on the impact of teamwork and productivity on implementing, quality improvement. For example developing a culture within the work place where teamwork is a vital necessity can significantly improve performance, effectiveness, efficiency, morale, job satisfaction, unity of purpose, communications, innovative thinking, quality, speed in getting things done, and loyalty to an organization (Warrick, 2014). In corporate America, superiority and personal recognitionRead MoreSocial Cultural Context Of Behavior Change Interventions1159 Words   |  5 PagesMuch of the current scholarly literature argues that managing workplace culture is an increasingly vital subject in any organisation. Workplace culture, also known as organizational culture can be defined as the values, beliefs, norms and assumptions that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of any organization (The Business Dictionary, 2015). Research has recognized that a strong workplace culture is not only important for the successfulness and sustainability of a companyRead MoreEssential Attributes in Nursing1220 Words   |  5 Pagesand communities. In a nursing good workplace citizenship needs an understanding and maintaining a good relationship between patients and health professional to deliver quality health care and services. In the context of nursing, communication, teamwork and social responsibility is the main graduates attributes that are essential in workplace citizenship because it promotes a healthy relationship between health professionals, patients and improve the nursing workplace. Communication is the exchangingRead MoreCreative Culture-Annotated Bibliography, Nursing Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagescreative thinking thereby more adapt at problem solving skills, more innovative, encourage critical analysis, written and communication skills. These are highly advantageous skills for nursing staff to possess and are also almost an imperative workplace requirement for nursing staff. Critical thinking for example is a essential component to nursing as it requires nursing staff to observe what they are thinking by focusing on crucial parts of the system and checking to see if they are on courseRead MoreTransferable Skills in workplace1508 Words   |  7 PagesTransferable Skills in Workplace Introduction As a student, it never too soon to look at the job market in which you will be operating as a job seeker, and at what can help you to maximize the chance of having a profitable job. To be attractive to the employer is that students have to acquire during the school time. Nowadays, there have been many researches on employability, which is generally regarded as a broader concept of skills in the workplace. According to the definition given by the Higher

Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Our Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1432 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Artificial Intelligence Essay Did you like this example? Artificial Intelligence is the concept and improvement of laptop systems capable of acting responsibilities that commonly require human intelligence inclusive of visual notion speech popularity choice making and translation among languages. synthetic intelligence has its advantages and downsides. A number of those benefits will be the few errors they might make; a number of the ones robots may be used to discover the space that is going to the moon or other planets additionally to find out the non-public oceans and mining. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Our Life" essay for you Create order one in each of the largest blessings that you may want to apply this machinery might be that they do no longer want to sleep and do the entirety without any postpone or waste of time. Artificial Intelligence is probably decreased to the importance of robots and could not show any type of feeling in what refers to medical care in case the time comes or whilst people are modified by means of using robots this makes them enjoy vain and no longer looking to do some aspect else that they will stay and they they will not have artwork or to provide them the maximum easy this will bring about a war and total destruction. there are unique forms of synthetic intelligence which have been superior in brand new years. History Artificial Intelligence is a field in technology that has been around for many years with the contributions of Alan Turing. Turing is considered the father of Artificial Intelligence and one of the precursors of modern computing. He was a mathematician, theoretical computer scientist, cryptographer, an English philosopher. Turing believed that anything ever that humanity can compute could also be computed by his theoretical Turing Machine. After World War 2, Turing was asked to develop a machine, and he provided a detailed design but did not see it built because his partners believed it too difficult. Eventually, his machine would be built by the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory in 1948 which was influenced by his work (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). This would be the beginning of AI research. Today, AI is used in more and more areas. Hollywood and the technology companies use it for entertainment and to make apps. Other private sectors use it for tax preparation, songwriting, and digital advertising (Hurd and Kelly, 2018). Governments have also used it for things like medical treatment and to help solve crimes (2018). As AI use increases, it is important to see what the good and bad things are from it. Positives Artificial intelligence has gained great value in recent years. Modern systems have the ability to manage large amounts of data and simplify calculations very quickly. The inventors of artificial intelligence are looking to expand this technology further into the future. therefore, artificial intelligence will achieve greater growth in the coming years. In this way, the artificial intelligence system will surpass and achieve incomparable performance, so much so that it is managing to generalize to the basic tasks of humans. The robots are manufactured in all sizes and are programmed to perform all kinds of functions. They exist from the most basic that perform simple tasks, to the most complex that achieve the same performance as a person with university degrees. Each day different types of machines are built, which perform simple or complex tasks faster than a person. This is leading to increased efficiency for businesses. In their study, Masayuki Morikawa surveyed more than 3000 Japanese businesses and found that they were positive on the increase of AI being used in their company. They also found that the use of AI complimented the skills of current employees with higher degrees, creating a demand for better workers (2016). The benefits and the opportunities with the use of artificial intelligence can help in many ways; Increasing the finances of a business, improving the security this technology could help to diminish the risk of viruses, or solve them and keep companies safe from cyber attacks. In other things for many people this can be a good start for their economy and to be able to maintain control over what they can buy or where it is much better to invest. AI technology is increasingly providing us with new knowledge and information about our actions. Fueled by sensors, data digitization, and ever-increasing connectedness, AI filters, associates, prioritizes, classifies, measures, and predicts outcomes, allowing the federal government to make more informed, data-driven decisions (Maughn 2018). The data-driven decisions the federal government makes is already showing. The testimony of Douglas Maughan state that AI has assisted the Department of Homeland Security in preventing attacks against critical infrastructure like banks and 911 centers. He also spoke about the ability of AI to help with intelligence gathering. For example, Customs and Border Protection has used AI to try and identify travelers that could be a threat to the country (2018). Negatives In terms of employment for people, once AI becomes used more and more, there are concerns expressed by many. Adam Butler quotes that the next 3 years will see half a million more jobs created but also more than half of todays jobs [will become] automated within the next 35 years (2018). The robots are manufactured to work and act like normal equipment since this is seen every day. To the point of becoming so real in some countries already have robots taking over for people: Mexico occupies 30 with 33 robots for every 100 employees, Argentina occupies the 36 with 16 units and Brazil the number 38 with 11 units. The robots are more and more in the whole world and every time it becomes more real and more present than ever (Morikawa 2016). Another issue with AI is the fact that despite not being 100% reliable, people still trust it more than a human. Wagner, Borenstein, and Howard give different examples of when people overtrust AI like a robot. In one study, the people were put in a fake emergency situation and instead of following evacuation signs, they listened to the robot even when they were told before that the robot was broken (2018). This September, the Subcommittee on statistics and technology inside the U.S. house of Representatives launched a file on AI. whilst it did have positives for its use, it additionally spoke about terrible things. The malicious use of AI will trade the manner we construct and manipulate the digital infrastructure in addition to our AI device and this could require many answers and extra employees from distinctive enterprise. What bad results would the awful management of AI deliver us? and the way do we prevent this harm to society? The subcommittee listening to additionally highlighted the want to prepare for and guard against the malicious use of AI. in advance this year, Open AI, a non-income AI studies employer that testified at one of the listening to, co-authored a document findings that accept good enough defenses are evolved, AI development, will result in cyber attacks which might be extra effective, extra finely centered, extra tough to characteristic, and more likely to tak e advantage of vulnerability in AI systems' (Hurd and Kelly, 2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚   For the destiny, all of the writers agree on numerous matters. the first is that the research in artificial Intelligence need to preserve and increase. The federal authorities desires to stay the chief in studies so China cannot beat us (Hurd and Kelly 2018). It also wants to use it to boom use in fatherland security to protect the nation and the peoples within it (Maughan 2018). second is that personal companies need to use it to make better matters that value much less cash to make. Robert Atkinson writes that people should now not worry approximately their jobs being taken by means of robots due to the fact agencies will nonetheless want humans to repair the robots so that you can virtually create extra jobs. He additionally says that whenever in history while a new era comes and decreases jobs at the start, greater jobs come later and that is a advantage for anyone. In end, the synthetic intelligence is reaching a extraordinary balance in everyday lifestyles. despite the fact that robots can replacement human beings in essential jobs which include workers or marketing they can not have their private creativity and no feelings. Conversely, we human beings have a huge range. increasing steps are being taken in phrases of equipment and use of those in distinct factors of each day life. artificial intelligence is a debate among society and people who assist the contribution made to help humanity with the troubles of hunger and above all poverty. in this process, the definition of the vital facts codecs and the corresponding mechanisms to defend security and privacy might be mainly essential.

The Effects Of Wound Healing On Diabetic Patients

eous wound healing and why some processes may be altered in diabetic patients â€Å"The process by which tissue repair takes place is termed wound healing and is comprised of a continuous sequence of inflammation and repair, in which epithelial, endothelial, inflammatory cells, platelets and fibroblasts briefly come together outside their normal domains, interact to restore a semblance of their usual discipline and having done so resume their normal function†. (The Cellular Biology of Wound Healing 2016) Wound healing has 3 distinct stages, an inflammatory response, a proliferation phase and a maturation phase, however wound healing is not a linear process and a patient can move back and forth throughout the stages. After the occurrence of a wound the inflammatory process immediately begins and can last up to 3 days (Wound Healing 2016), the initial injury causes the small vessels around the wound site to be disturbed resulting in bleeding, the body’s first response is a haemodynamic one in that it restricts these vessels in order to prevent blood loss. There then comes a rapid release of preformed inflammatory mediators from the cells surrounding the injury, the first thing this causes is the aggregation of platelets, these platelets adhere to extracellular surface structures which are exposed, such as collagen and basement membranes, this in turn causes serotonin from platelet stores to be stimulated. (Kirk, Phillips and Murray 2001) As well as attracting furtherShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Honey : Honey1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning to be more seriously investigated as a solution to this problem.     Ã‚     The article, The evidence and rationale for the use of honey as a wound dressing focuses on the evidence and explanation as to the effectiveness of the bioactivites in honey that support and promote wound healing. This study concluded that honey showed tremendous value in wound healing. Honey has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity specifically to gram positive and gram negative species, anaerobes, and aerobes. It showedRead MoreA Brief Note On Patients With Diabetic Lower Leg Ulcers With Activated Protein C ( Apc )1119 Words   |  5 PagesWounds related to Diabetic Neuropathy Patients with diabetic neuropathy generally ended up with wounds, since they have reduced ability to feel pain and temperature. The problem that the guideline addresses is â€Å"patients with lower-extremity neuropathic disease (LEND) with or at risk for wounds† (National Guideline Clearinghouse, 2012, para. 1). The purpose of the guideline is to â€Å"support clinical practice by providing consistent, research-based information with the goal of improved cost-effectiveRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Its Effects On The Lives Of People Suffering From Diabetes Essay2303 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Diabetes is a chronic illness that effects a large number of the population, 243,125 New Zealanders were diagnosed according to the 2013 census (Diabetes New Zealand, 2014a). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes unstable hyperglycaemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion or action within the body (Belonwu, Obimba, Ozougwu Unakalamba, 2013). Diabetes is a condition that can have detrimental effects on the lives of people suffering from diabetes, diabetes isRead MoreFoot-Care for Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers2662 Words   |  11 Pages THE ROLE OF DEBRIDEMENT IN WOUND HEALING OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES FOOT ULCERS (REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS) INCIDENT As a registered nurse with over 10 years of clinical practice experience in various field of nursing including caring for patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), I was concerned with rise in the numbers of DFUs cases resulting into higher rates of amputation, disabilities and mortality . DFU are caused by a combination of peripheral neuropathy and vascular diseases resulting fromRead MoreEducation Plan For A Care For Diabetic Pat Patients Who Have Foot Ulcers Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pageseducation plan is aimed at wound care for diabetic pat patients who have foot ulcers. This can occur to any diabetic patient, however it is not usually an issue until they’re in their early 30s. This patient population can include a variety of education and experience backgrounds, however it is important that all patients are able to understand it so it will be presented in congruence with a fifth grade literacy level. They also have a variety of levels of support, however the patient t hat this plan wasRead MoreBone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesand wound healing through synergistic downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of soluble factors with antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and proangiogenic properties(95)VojtaÃ… ¡Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¡k et al.,(96) isolated and cultured skin fibroblasts and BMSCs from a diabetic patient. They seeded the fibroblasts onto a Coladerm membrane to form a biograft. Then, they topically applied BMSCs to the wound and covered with the previously modified Coladerm membrane. They observed that the patient showedRead MoreEssay on The Final Process in Inflammation: Wound Healing1750 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Wound healing is the final process in inflammation at which the architecture and the function of the tissues were repaired after an injury.[1] Basically, before wound healing takes place, inflammation occurs at which it helps to eliminate the injurious agents and if elimination is not possible, inflammation helps limiting the effects caused by the injurious agents. Finally, it prepares the site of injury for healing process.[2] Picture taken from: http://www.pilonidal.org/aftercare/wound_healing_indepthRead MoreThe Human Body Is A Very Complex System In Which Thrives1611 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore a distinction was discovered between the different types. There are several things in which are secondary and or come hand in hand with diabetes that worsen or will predispose the body to another ailment. Obesity is a large factor amongst patients whom have this disease as well as peripheral artery disease or atherosclerosis. When blood flow to large areas is cut off the tissue begins to break down and eventually dies, resulting in gangrene. There are a several forms of gangrene and datesRead MoreTreating Long-term Elderly Patents with Pressure Ulcers1036 Words   |  4 PagesLong-term Care Patients: A Case Study Patients at Long Term Care Facilities are generally debilitated and elderly people who have incontinence problems. Incontinence makes treating pressure ulcers very difficult because it alters tissue tolerance and reapplying products becomes very costly. Usually negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is used to treat pressure ulcers but it is also very costly and does not match with some wound locations. Collagen plays a vital role in the wound healing process byRead MoreMission, Governance, And Financing858 Words   |  4 PagesMission, Governance, and Financing Christus St. Elizabeth Outpatient Wound Care Clinic is primarily a community health agency that serves the Beaumont and Southeast Texas area. Its mission statement is â€Å"to extend the healing ministry of Jesus Christ† (â€Å"Our Mission, Values, and Vision†, 2016). As a not-for-profit agency, Christus St. Elizabeth Wound Care Clinic works with numerous agencies to make a profound effect in the lives of patients and to promote a positive change in the community. A mixture of

Course Notes on Principles of Management Free Essays

The Global Environment In the past, managers have viewed the global sector as closed. Each country or market was assumed to be isolated from others. Firms did not consider global competition, exports. We will write a custom essay sample on Course Notes on Principles of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today’s environment is very different. Managers need to view it as an open market. Organizations buy and sell around the world. Managers need to learn to compete globally. Tariff Barriers A tariff is a barriers to trade. Tariffs are taxes levied upon imports. These seek to protect jobs in the home country. Other countries usually retaliate. Free trade: in a free trade agreement, each country seeks to specialize in things they make most efficiently. If India is more efficient in making textiles, and the USA in making computer software, then each country should focus on these. Distance Culture Barriers The second leading cause of trade barriers. Distance closed the markets as far as some managers were concerned. Communications could be difficult. Languages and cultures were different. During the last 50 years, communications and transportation technology has dramatically improved. Jet aircraft, fiber optics, satellites have provided fast, secure communications and transportation. These have also reduced cultural differences. Effects on Managers Declining barriers have opened great opportunities for managers. Managers can not only sell goods and services but also buy resources and components globally. Managers now face a more dynamic and exciting job due to global competition. Free Trade NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement. Abolishes most tariffs on goods traded between Mexico, Canada and the U. S. Allows unrestricted cross-border flows of resources. Many U. S. firms have now invested in Mexico. This is a manufacturing opportunity. Wage costs are lower in Mexico. Can serve Mexico with a plant in Mexico and reduce freight. Managers face new opportunities and threats. Global Task Environment Suppliers Distributors Managers buy products from global suppliers or make items abroad and supply themselves. Key is to keep quality high and costs low. Global outsourcing: firms buy inputs from throughout the world. GM might build engines in Mexico, transmissions in Korea, and seats in the U. S. Finished goods become global products. Distributors: each country often has a unique system of distribution. Managers must identify all the issues. Customers Competitors Formerly distinct national markets are merging into a huge global market. True for both consumer and business goods. Creates large opportunities. Still, managers often must customize products to fit the culture. McDonald’s sells a local soft drink in Brazil. Global competitors present new threats. Increases competition abroad as well as at home. Forces in the Global General Environment Political-Legal Forces Results from diverse and changing nature of each countries’ political system. Representative democracies: such as the U. S. , Britain, Canada. Citizens elect leaders who make decisions for electorate. Usually has a number of safeguards such as freedom of expression, a fair court system, regular elections, and limited terms for officials. Well defined legal system and economic freedom. Totalitarian regimes: a single political party or person monopolize power in a country. Typically do not recognize or permit opposition. Most safeguards found in a democracy do not exist. Examples include Iran, Iraq, and China. These are difficult to do business with given the lack of economic freedom. Further, human rights issues also cause managers to avoid dealing with these countries. Economic Systems Free market economy: production of goods and services is in private ownership. Production is dictated by supply and demand. Command economy: decisions on what to produce, how much, done by the government. Most command economies are moving away from the command economy. Mixed economy: certain economic sectors controlled by private business, others are government controlled. Many mixed countries are moving toward a free enterprise system. Recent Trends Current shift away from totalitarian dictators toward democratic regimes. Very dramatic example seen in the collapse of the former Soviet Republic. Also very pronounced in Latin America and Africa. With this shift, has come a strong movement toward free market systems. This provides great opportunities to business managers on a global level. Many businesses are investing millions in former totalitarian countries to seize these opportunities. Changing Political and Economic Forces Sociocultural Forces National culture: includes the values, norms, knowledge, beliefs, and other practices that unite a country. Values: abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, desirable and beautiful. Provides attitudes for democracy, truth, appropriate roles for men, and women. Usually not static but very slow to change. Norms: social rules prescribing behavior in a given situation. Folkways: routine social conventions including dress codes and manners. Mores: Norms that are central to functioning of society. much more significant that folkways. More examples include theft, adultery, and are often enacted into law. Norms vary from country to country. Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Individualism v. Collectivism Individualism: world view that values individual freedom and self-expression. Usually has a strong belief in personal rights and need to be judged by achievements. Collectivism: world view that values the group over the individual. Widespread in Communism. Prevalent in Japan as well. Managers must understand how their workers relate to this issue. Power Distance A society’s acceptance of differences in the well being of citizens due to differences in heritage, and physical and intellectual capabilities. In high power distance societies, the gap between rich and poor gets very wide. In low power distance societies, any gap between rich and poor is reduced by taxation and welfare programs. Most western cultures (U. S. , Germany, United Kingdom) have relatively low power distance and high individualism. Many economically poor countries such as Panama, Malaysia have high power distance and low individualism. Achievement vs Nurture Achievement oriented societies value assertiveness, performance, success. The society is results-oriented. Nurturing-oriented value quality of life, personal relationships, service. The U. S. and Japan are achievement-oriented while Sweden, Denmark are more nurturing-oriented. Uncertainty Avoidance Societies and people differ on their willingness to take on risk. Low uncertainty avoidance (U. S. , Hong Kong), value diversity, and tolerate differences. Tolerate a wide range of opinions and beliefs. High uncertainty avoidance (Japan and France) are more rigid and do not tolerate people acting differently. High conformity to norms is expected. Long Term Outlook Long-term outlook is based on values of saving, and persistence. Taiwan and Hong Kong are cultures that are long -term in outlook. Short-term outlook seeks the maintenance of personal stability or happiness right now. France and the U. S. are examples of this approach. International Expansion Importing and Exporting: the least complex method of expansion. Exporting: firm makes products and sells abroad. Importing: firm sells products made abroad. Licensing: firm allows foreign organization to make and distribute goods for a fee. Helps the home firm since it does not have to set up a complete production and distribution network. Franchising: company sells a foreign organization the rights to use brand name and know-how in return for payment and profit percentage. International Options Strategic Alliances: managers pool resources with a foreign firm and both organizations share the rewards and risks. Allows firm to maintain control which is a problem with exporting, licensing, and franchising. Wholly-owned foreign subsidiary: firm invests in production operations in a foreign country. Many Japanese auto firms have done this in the U. S. This is very expensive but can yield high returns. International Expansion How to cite Course Notes on Principles of Management, Papers

Common Characteristics of Civilization free essay sample

Many people define civilization in different ways. Both archeologist Child and another historian thought for civilization to exist it had to include: the plow, wheeled cart and draft animals, sailing ships, the smelting of copper and bronze, a solar calendar, writing, standards of measurement, irrigation ditches, specialized craftsmen, urban centers and a surplus of food necessary to support non-agricultural workers who lived within the walls of the city. In addition, the historian thought that a civilization needed human organization, too, not Just human achievements. He leveled a civilization also needed money collected through taxes, a privileged ruling class, a centralized government and a national religious or priestly class. Then there was Chuckhole who believed there were three necessary factors for collocation: towns containing more than 5000 people, writing, and monumental ceremonial centers. Lastly, there Is anthropologist Adams who believed that collocation needed: class stratification based on the ownership and control of production, political and religious hierarchies complementing each other In the central administration of territorially organized states and lastly, a complex division f labor, with skilled workers, soldiers and officials existing alongside the great mass of peasant producers. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Characteristics of Civilization: or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, some common characteristics of civilization are: the ability to write, a need for government hierarchy, and skilled workers and specialized craftsmen.I believe that there can be exceptions to the characteristics of a civilization just like there are many definitions of civilization; for instance, I do not believe monumental ceremonial centers are a necessity to have a civilization; however, the ability to communicate is important. I do feel there are certain things you must have to be a civilization: the ability to communicate this is essential for organization and planning, a government hierarchy to keep law and order, an abundance of food to support a large community, and skilled workers to craft tools.Just like the text stated, civilization is a word easier to describe than it is to define. However, I do not feel that the word civilization accurately characterizes groups of people. This word encompasses many people and their cultures, so it would put two completely different groups of people (republicans and democrats) under the same definition. Even though these two groups of people may live together In a civilization and share common things, they have many differences.Common Characteristics of Civilization: By linearitys civilization: towns containing more than 5000 people, writing, and monumental ceremonial centers. Lastly, there is anthropologist Adams who believed that civilization needed: class stratification based on the ownership and control of production, political and religious hierarchies complementing each other in the there can be exceptions to the characteristics of a civilization Just like there are many in a civilization and share common things, they have many differences.

Teenagers Life free essay sample

Life Teenager is the stage where the physical and mental condition of a person develops which occurs between childhood and adulthood. It starts at age 13 for boys and 12 in girls. In teenagers life, we must be more independence than before. It is the time of puberty too. During the teenage life, a person have some transformations. It involves physical, emotional, mental and psychological changes. The physical changes are changes in the body. Perhaps the most profound changes are linked to sexual maturation. It is during the teen years that the body grows into a sexually mature, and there are many different physical characteristics that develop as a result of this growth. And the emotional changes, they think like this: begin to realize that beliefs are the result of a thinking process, come to understand other people think too, and their own beliefs on a certain subject may differ from those of others, may understand others have different ideas about the same topics, yet they still do not understand that other people may think about different topics altogether. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That’s why people feel harder when they live in teenagers life. They’re labile and sometimes get confuse with themselves, and usually they get more problems than before. Because of the instability of teenagers, most of them can influenced easily with their around. It can be good habits, but usually, teenagers influenced with bad habits like consume drugs, alcohol, free association, spend money too much, excessive lifestyle, and hostility with each other because of scramble boyfriend / girlfriend. Teenagers have changed in comparison with the teens in the past, taking into account eating habits, an active way of life, spending free time and clothes. They are a â€Å"technology† generation. For teens in todays’ world mobile phones, internet, music, movies, television and video games are very important. Most teenagers prefer watching TV and playing computer games to reading books. Teens eat there unhealthy food. They eat too much fast food such as McDonald. As a teenager, we must be careful with our association. We must be smart to choose friends, and sort the good and bad habits. We can to imitate the good habits, but we have to avoid the bad habits. Teenager also have to remember, that a healthy lifestyle requires, but they also must not forget about personal hygiene. Keep eating healthy food, more diligent, study, and decrease the computer, internet, TV, and games time.

Sample Assignments - One Tool For Writing Essays

Sample Assignments - One Tool For Writing EssaysIf you are one of those people who usually write essays but never read them, do not worry. Today there are many different ways to tell stories that you find interesting and even you can use this technique to give some attention to the part where you present a hypothesis. The great thing about this approach is that, unlike a conventional essay, you will be able to include your thoughts freely and at the same time, leave your topics open for some other similar questions.With this sample, you would get an idea what you have been missing. The steps here are very simple and easy to follow. You just need to know how to analyze the situation and what do you have to say. I'm sure that you already know the part of your favorite movie that made you crazy. Here, I will explain the basics on how to complete this exercise.First of all, you should have an idea how you have been reading the sample. You can identify the story line and whether it would be useful for your essay or not. You can find the main ideas in the plot line and some facts about the theme. You can check on the characters, some kind of premise, plot twists and so on.Here, it is not necessary that you will be able to tell all the elements of the sample. Just make sure that you will have an idea on what you want to say. You may use the story as a guideline and start to think about the problems and the answers to the questions. From there, you can prepare some basic information and the problems that you want to solve. The result of the essay would be the concept, or perhaps the problem, if you have to add one.There are lots of sample assignments in magazines that you can read and use as a guide. The authors will provide you with some essential information that you have to know. The problem is that they will usually be repetitive. You can not guarantee that they will really be helpful but you can learn from them and make a step-by-step process.This strategy is like an essay except that you would be addressing a sample that you did not know anything about. The best approach is to give a synopsis of the part where you present a hypothesis. Even though the course may not require you to give a good summary, you may get a benefit of knowing the main points of the sample. This is a way to show that you are thinking about the subject and that you would like to incorporate this concept in your essay.To finish this article, it is very important that you know the importance of samples. You should have a lot of ideas about writing your own samples because the experts suggest you to do this. It is important that you also think about your future. Please consider all these aspects when you read the sample assignment.

Writing for Hobby and Leisure Activity Magazines

Writing for Hob When I began my freelance writing career in 2007, I would never have believed Id end up writing dozens of articles for hob My Ive found hob Leisure activity magazines exist in a mind-boggling plethora of topics; trains, quilting, motorcycles, automobiles, cats and dogs, dolls, scale modeling, yachting, cycling, running (and nearly every other sport imaginable), camping, hiking, video games, arts crafts, astronomy, military history, stamp collecting, coin collecting, rock gem collecting, antique collecting, and every other pastime imaginable. Next time youre at your local Barnes Noble or bookstore, thumb through the special interest and hob Where to Pitch Your Hob Leisure activities represent a huge market in first world countries. So, make sure you pitch your stories to magazines published in developed countries that have wealth and where the people have leisure time for pursuing hobbies such as North America, the U.K, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. You Dont Have to Be an Expert Writers do not need to be experts about their hob Ive consulted or quoted experts in some hob My article in Garden Answers Magazine, about the Elandan Bonsai Gardens in Port Orchard, Washington, was a profile piece about Daniel Robinson, a bonsai expert who created this magical garden. How Do You Pitch Your Story Ideas to Hob Hob Create Pitch Lists Ive created extensive magazine distribution lists for every leisure activity genre that Ive written in. Once youve developed your magazine distribution lists, youve got them forever, so you dont need to reinvent the wheel every time you want to query a hob Writing for hob

Radon Chemical and Physical Properties

Radon Chemical and Physical Properties Atomic Number: 86 Symbol: Rn Atomic Weight: 222.0176 Discovery: Fredrich Ernst Dorn 1898 or 1900 (Germany), discovered the element and called it radium emanation. Ramsay and Gray isolated the element in 1908 and named it niton. Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 Word Origin: from radium. Radon was once called niton, from the Latin word nitens, which means shining Isotopes: At least 34 isotopes of radon are known ranging from Rn-195 to Rn-228. There are no stable isotopes of radon. The isotope radon-222 is the most stable isotope and called thoron and emanates naturally from thorium. Thoron is an alpha-emitter with a half-life of 3.8232 days. Radon-219 is called actinon and emanates from actinium. It is an alpha-emitter with a half-life of 3.96 sec. Properties: Radon has a melting point of -71Â °C, boiling point of -61.8 Â °C, gas density of 9.73 g/l, specific gravity of the liquid state of 4.4 at -62Â °C, specific gravity of the solid state of 4, usually with a valence of 0 (it does form some compounds, however, such as radon fluoride). Radon is a colorless gas at normal temperatures. It is also the heaviest of the gases. When it is cooled below its freezing point it displays a brilliant phosphorescence. The phosphorescence is yellow as the temperature is lowered, becoming orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. Inhalation of radon presents a health risk. Radon build-up is a health consideration when working with radium, thorium, or actinium. It is also a potential issue in uranium mines. Sources: It is estimated that each square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains approximately 1 g of radium, which releases radon to the atmosphere. The average concentration of radon is about 1 sextillion parts of air. Radon naturally occurs in some spring waters. Element Classification: Inert Gas Physical Data Density (g/cc): 4.4 ( -62Â °C) Melting Point (K): 202 Boiling Point (K): 211.4 Appearance: heavy radioactive gas Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.094 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 18.1 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1036.5 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic CAS Registry Number: 10043-92-2 Trivia Ernest Rutherford is sometimes credited with the discovery of radon. He actually discovered the alpha particle radiation given off by radon.Radon became the official name for element 86 in 1923. The IUPAC chose radon from the names radon (Rn), thoron (Tn) and actinon (An). The other two names are given to isotopes of radon. Thoron is Rn-220 and actinon became Rn-219.Other suggested names for radon included radium emanation, niton, extadio, exthorio, exactinio, akton, radeon, thoreon and actineon.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lists radon as the second highest cause of lung cancer. References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed)International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

The State of Mexico's International Trade Essay

The State of Mexico's International Trade - Essay Example Some of these prominent FTA's are the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), with the United States and Canada (1994), Colombia and Venezuela (G-3, 1995), the European Union (2000), Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland (EFTA, 2001) and Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador (North Triangle, 2001). FTA's have helped Mexico increase its international trade with countries around the world. They have also aided in reducing the effects of the untimely and unpredictable economic crisis such as crashing prices of oil, recession in the global economies and so on. Today Mexico stands at the seventh position in the list of leading trading nations in the world owing to its free trade policies. Mexico contributes to 46 percent of the Latin America's exports and 47 percent of its imports. NAFTA proved to be a major step in attracting foreign direct investments in the country. Foreign capital has increased the employment rates and the output in the country. Earlier Mexico relied on oil for its exports while at present times the manufactured goods compose the major section of export. All these steps have lead to the significant overall economic development of all the parts of the country (Derbez ""Beyond NAFTA -- Mexico and the Free Trade Area of the Americas," by Luis Ernesto Derbez, Secretary of the Economy, Mexico -- "The Free Trade Area of the Americas" -- U.S. Department of State, October 2002"). The biggest trading partners of Mexico are USA and Canada. Table 1 (Davy and Meyers, "United States-Canada-Mexico Fact Sheet on Trade and Migration"). Table 1 shows the export and import statistics of different NAFTA partners in 2003. The major trade partners of Mexico are US and Canada. USA holds a major share in Mexican export sector. Mexico sends 88% of its exports to US. Chart 1 demonstrates the trade among the three countries: US, Mexico and Canada. Mexico-US trade accounted for $286 billion in 2004. Canada and US are the most important contributors to the Foreign Direct investment in Mexico. 40% of the total FDI to Mexico comes from USA. In 2004 this amount was around $7.3 billion from USA. Canada comes at fourth place in the major FDI contributors to Mexico listing. Canada accounted for $379.2 million FDI in 2004 (Davy and Meyers, "United States-Canada-Mexico Fact Sheet on Trade and Migration"). On the other hand Mexico serves as third largest source of oil imports to US as shown in Fig.1 ("Mexico Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"). Chart 1 (Davy and Meyers, "United States-Canada-Mexico Fact Sheet on Trade and Migration"). Fig.1 ("Mexico Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"). Mexico has a strong existence in the international agro-food market owing to its different products like agriculture, forestry, livestock, hunting, fishing, foods, beverages and tobacco. Mexico exported worth $11.8 billion in 2005 and imported worth $14.3 billion in the same year. 65% of Mexico's imports come from USA ("RS/USDA Briefing Room - Mexico: Trade"). Chart 2 ("RS/USDA Briefing Room - Mexico: Trade"). Mexico recorded an annual GDP growth rate of 4.8% in 2006. It increased from 0.8% to 2.8% in three years from 2002 from 2005. The total trade of Mexico showed a significant increase to 60.3 per cent of GDP from earlier

Agency and Franchising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agency and Franchising - Essay Example Two types of retail business format are popular; agency and franchising. Agency or an agent can be broadly described as a person with an authority to represent another person, persons or corporation (called the Principal) (Brillinger, p214). The agent therefore, represents the principal in all the commercial transactions. It is important to understand that as the agent represents the principal, the principal, by default, becomes liable for all the acts of omission and commission of the agent. Even when the agent’s appointment may have pre-defined authority as given by the principal, the principal becomes responsible for all the leverages taken by the agent while conducting business on his behalf. The goods and services sold by the agent are owned by the principal, he is just the intermediary who acts on behalf of the owner of the goods and services. ‘By virtue of an agency, the seller contracts directly with the customer, who is seller’s customer, not that of agent’ (Ishani, 2007). The franchising is ‘a marketing system revolving around a two-party legal agreement, whereby the franchisee conducts business according to the terms specified by the franchisor’ (Longenecker, chapter 3). The process of ‘franchising’, therefore, has become popular in the emerging economy which presents wide scope for the parties, franchisee and the franchisor. The franchising format of business primarily comprises of licensing another person to run the business in a pre-determined format. The franchisor is able to expand his business and spread them in wider areas of operation in a relatively short time and with reduced capital cost. By facilitating goods and services to the franchisee, the franchisor is relieved of the pressures of day today operation and at the same time, he is able to control the appearance and operation of the franchisee

Distinction Between Marginal Cost And Incremental Cost Economics Essay

Distinction Between Marginal Cost And Incremental Cost Economics Essay 2) (a) What is the distinction between marginal cost and incremental cost? (b) How are sunk costs treated in managerial decision making? Why (a)Incremental costs are closely related to the concept of marginal cost but with a relatively wider connotation. While marginal cost refers to the change in total cost resulting from producing an additional unit of output, incremental cost refers to total additional cost associated with the decision to expand output or to add a new variety of product etc. It represents the difference between two alternatives. So both are concerned with the change in the total cost where marginal costs refers to the increase or decrease in that results from producing or distributing an additional unit of output and, incremental cost refers to the change in the total output as a result of change in the methods of production or distribution such as addition of a product or territory, use of improved technology or selection of a additional sales channel. (b)A sunk cost is a cost that has been already incurred and cannot be changed or altered by any decision made now or in future. For example , once it is decided to make incremental investment expenditure and funds are allocated and spent, all preceding cost are considered as sunk cost. Such cost are based on prior commitment and cannot be revised or recovered when there is a change in market condition or in business decision makings. The sunk cost are ignored in managerial decision making as they are irrelevant costs which will not affect the decision. Suppose a company paid $50000 to purchase machinery five years back. The machine was used to produce for last few years and now it is obsolete and no longer can be sold .The amount paid is already incurred and cannot be recovered. So the cost of the obsolete machine will not be considered in making managerial decisions. (8) What shape of the LAC curve has been found in many empirical studies? What does this mean for the survival of small firms in the industry? Answer: In the empirical studies the shape of long run average cost curve to be L-shaped with a scale of economics . This means largest firms tend to have cost advantage and the industry tends to become monopoly which is called natural monopoly. The L-shaped shows that per unit producing a product decline initially and then forms L- shaped which cost advantage for longer period resulting to economies of scale due to optimum utilization of recourses. It was believed that economics outstrips diseconomies of scale as firms expand from small size up to a certain size. For the smaller firms in the industry will face diseconomies of scale and no economic profit as there will be lesser amount of recourses and output level.As marginal cost are raising function of rate of out and falling function of the volume. (9) (a) What is the meaning of economies of scope? How do they differ from economies of scale? (b) What do learning curves show? How do they differ from economies of scale? What is the usefulness of learning curves as a managerial tool? What is the reason for rising international trade in inputs and the use of foreign skilled labor? Answer: (a) Economies of scope exist if a firm can produce several product lines at a given output level more cheaply than a combination of separate firms each producing a single product at the same output level. Economies of scope occur where it is cheaper to produce a  wider range of products  rather than specialize in just a handful of products. Expanding the product range to  exploit the value of existing brands  is a good way of exploiting economies of scope. E.g. Amazon expanding into selling toys, sports goods or McDonalds expanding the range of their products to include salads and health foods. Economies of scope is relatively a new approach to business strategy, and is heavily based on the development of high technology. Economies of scale are reductions in average costs imputable to production volume increases. Economies of scope differ from economies of scale in that a firm receives a cost advantage by producing a complementary variety of products with a concentration on a core competency. While economies of scope and scale are often positively correlated and interdependent, strictly speaking the benefits from scope have little to do with the size of output. (b)The aircraft industry was the first to develop the learning curve. The curve that represents the declining trend in the long run average cost of production is called the learning curve. Economies of scale is the are the reduction in average cost as the result of increase in production volume whereas learning curve shows the graphical presentation of the falling average cost curve with respect to increase in production. The learning curve is widely used by business managers and serves as an important managerial tool to foresee and predict the possible trend in long run average cost of production and plan production accordingly. The basic purpose behind the use learning curve is to forecast the unit cost with cumulative increase in output. It is also used to forecast manpower, machinery, material needs of the company, to determine and quote the future competitive price of the product and for planning production. (c) International trade is the exchange of goods, services and capital across the international territory or borders. The use of foreign labor will be more costly due to the reason that borders imposes additional costs such as tariffs , time costs due to border delays and costs associated country difference . A rise in the use of foreign skilled labor will have a direct impact in the international trade resulting in an increase in the imports which may affect the balance of trade. Chapter 7 Problems 2) Given the following total cost schedule of a firm, (a) derive the total fixed cost and total variable cost schedule of the firm, and from them derive the average fixed cost, average variable cost, average total cost, and marginal cost schedules of the firm. Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 TC $30 50 60 81 118 180 Answer: Total cost = Total fixed cost +Total variable cost Marginal cost= Total cost of producing additional unit total cost of producing the previous unit. Average variable cost=Total variable cost/Number of units Average fixed cost=Total fixed cost / Number of units Total average cost=Average fixed cost + Average variable cost Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 TC $30 50 60 81 118 180 TFC $30 30 30 30 30 3 TVC $0 20 30 51 88 150 MC $ 20 10 21 37 62 ATC $ 50 30 27 29.5 36 AFC $ 30 15 10 7.5 6 AVC $ 20 15 17 22 36 3) Airway Express has an evening flight from Los Angeles to New York with an average of 80 passengers and a return flight the next afternoon with an average of 50 passengers. The plan makes no other trip. The charge for the plane remaining in New York overnight is $1,200 and would be $0 in Los Angeles. The airline is considering eliminating the night flight out of Los Angeles and replacing it with a morning flight. The estimated number of passengers is 70 in the morning flight and 50 in the return afternoon flight. The one-way ticket is $200 for any flight. The operating cost of the plane for each flight is $11,000. The fixed costs for the plane are $3000 a day whether it flies or not. 3(a): Please calculate and compare the profit under each flight. 3(b) is asking should Airway Express continue providing the flight between Los Angeles and New York. Even Airway Express decides not to fly, it still have to pay the fixed costs of $3,000 per day. Answer-Given, Cost of the ticket =$200 Operating cost =$11,000 Fixed cost=$3000 Overnight charge=$1,200 Total cost = $11,000+$3,000+$1,200=$15,200 I. Profit for the evening flight from Los Angeles to New York which has average passengers of 80 and cost of the tickets is given as $200 so the average revenue will be $16,000. Profit=Revenue-Cost $16,000-$15,200 $800 Thus, average Profit for the flight is $800 II. Profit for the afternoon flight next day from New York to Los Angeles carrying average passengers of 50, so the average revenue will be $10000 Profit=$10,000 -$15,200 -5,200 The fight is showing average loss of $5,200 III. Profit for the morning flight eliminating with the night flight from Los Angeles to New York carrying an average passengers of 70, the revenue will be $14,000. Cost of operation =fixed cost + operating cost $3,000+$11,000 $14000 Profit=Revenue earned cost incurred $14000 $14000 $0 The flight is nor earning average profit or average loss. IV. Profit for the afternoon flight from New York to Los Angeles with estimated passengers of 50, the revenue will be $10,000 Profit=$10,000-$14000 $4000 The flight is incurring loss of $4000. (b)The Airway express flying evening flight from Los Angeles is earning a profit of $800 with average passengers of 80 and whereas incurring loss of $5,200 in the return trip. In the next case, the airline is making no profit and no loss in the morning flight from Los Angeles to New York, whereas making a loss of $4000 in the return trip . The airline should discontinue providing flights between Los Angeles and New York. Although, it has a fixed cost of $3000 per day which come to $90,000 but the airline will be incurring huge cost of $14000 per day which comes to $42, 00,000 in a month. So it would be a better option to discontinue the operation of the airline from Los Angeles to New York. 4) Electric utility companies usually operate their most modern and efficient equipment continuously (i.e. around the clock) and use their older less efficient equipment only to meet periods of peak demand. 4(a) Will the short-run marginal cost decrease or increase? Answer: Electric Utility firms retire old plants, modernize generating units, and occasionally build new plants, generally after a lengthy period of licensing, regulatory review, and construction. But this not possible in short run as in short run there are fixed factors which cannot be changed in short run as they tend to use their older less efficient equipment to meet the periods of peak demand. In Electric utility companies variable cost consist mainly energy costs. Fixed cost are the cost which cannot be changed with the level of output and in electric utility companies fixed are analogues to capacity cost. As a result the marginal cost in the short run decreases . The reason is the marginal cost curve will turn up when utility will be forced to less efficient during on peak-periods. 11) The Goldberg-Scheinman Publishing Company is publishing a new managerial economics text for which it has estimated the following total fixed and average variable costs: Total fixed costs: Copy editing $10,000 Typesetting $70,000 Selling and promotion $20,000 Total fixed cost $100,000 Average Variable cost: Printing and binding $6 Administrative costs $2 Sales commission $1 Bookstore discounts $7 Authors royalties $4 Average variable cost $20 Project selling price $30 Determine the breakeven output and total sales revenues. (b) Determine the output that would generate a total profit of $60,000 and the total sales revenues at that output level. Answer: (a)At the breakeven point is the point where cost and revenue are equal. Calculations: Breakeven point (sales) =Fixed cost/(Selling price -Variable cost) =$100,000/($30-$20) =$10,000 Breakeven output=$10,000/$30 =333.3 units (b)Sales=Variable cost + fixed cost +profit =$20+$100000+$60000 =$160020 Output level-$160020/$30 =5334 units. Chapter 8 Discussion 2) (a) Under what conditions should a firm continue to produce in the short run if it incurs losses at the best level of output? (b) Are the normal returns on investment included as part of costs or as part of profits in managerial economics? Why Answer: In short run, there is only one variable input (labor) and other inputs (especially capital) are held constant. In other words, the size of labor may increase or decrease but the capital and other inputs will remain fixed. If the Incurs losses at its best level of output then, the firm should try to reduce marginal cost and operate at the level where marginal and average product are positive or increasing. If price falls below average total cost, but remains above average variable cost, the firm will continue to operate in the short run, producing the quantity where  MR  =  MC  doing so minimizes its losses. Whereas If price falls below average variable cost, the firm will shut down in the short run, reducing output to zero. The lowest point on the average variable cost curve is called the shutdown point. (b)Normal returns on investment is also referred as normal profit, is the level of profit required to keep the engaged in a particular activity .The normal rate of return is the Average profit necessary to attract and retain investment .A normal rate of return, or profit, is necessary to induce individuals to invest funds rather than spend them for current consumption. Normal profit is simply a cost for capital as it is no different from the cost of other recourses (materials, energy or labor).As a result , the normal rate of return are included as a part of cost in managerial economics. 8) What happen to the Dollar price that a U.S. (a) importer pays and (b) exporter receives if prices are agreed in Euros and the Dollar then appreciates by 10 percent with respect to the Euro? Answer: The exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another. If the importer pays i.e. in dollars to the foreign country and the value of the foreign country currency is devalued the dollar value of promised payment will fall. Whereas if the foreign currency value appreciates the dollar value of the promised payment will rise resulting to a disfavor to the importer country. If prices are agreed in Euros and the Dollar then appreciates by 10 percent with respect to the Euro and the exporters pay, the value of the promised payment will fall. 13) (a) What are the choice-related variables for a firm under monopolistic competition? (b) What is non-price competition? (c) Product Variation? (d) Selling expenses? Answer: (a)Monopolistic competition is defined as market setting in which large number of sellers sells differentiated products. A firm will produce output where MR=MC. The consumers are willing to purchase given amount of product for the given price. The price is determined by demand curve. In short run firms can give positive profits .Positive profits encourages new firms to enter in the market. In the long run due to the entrance of new firms economic profit is zero i.e. P=AC. The main objective of firms under monopolistic competition is profit maximization. (b)Non price competition- The market situation in which firms or the competitors will not lower the price for a fear of price war. So, instead they focus on extensive promotion to highlight distinctive features or benefit of the products. It refers to the competition among firms that choose to distinguish between their products on the basis of attribute, design are non price means e.g. promotions, style etc. It is often used by firms that want to differentiate between virtually identical products. The reason for this is that firms are that operate in monopolistic competition are the price taker as they do not have the influence in changing the price of their goods. Consequently to distinguish themselves they use the strategy of non price such as product innovation and advertisement. (c) Product variations-Product variation is the change in the product properties or features in timing. For example, passenger cars companies bring new models out in the exiting classs e.g. Gulf I, gulf II. Product variation is the modification by changing one or more features of the product to enhance consumer appeal .It will provide a competitive advantage as the company may be able to charge a higher price and enhance loyalty. The variation is made on quality, performance and design. The product variation is, thus, the improvements in the existing product line with new features, appearance, better quality, better performance etc giving a new outlook to it. (d)Selling expenses-Selling expenses are the part of operating expenses along with administrative expenses. Selling expense is the cost incurred to sell or distribute merchandise .Selling expenses includes advertising, sales commission, promotional materials distributed, salaries and fringe benefits of sales personnel , rent of sales office, utilities usage in the sales department. Chapter 8 Problems:- 2) Starting with the market demand and supply functions in Problem 1, determine algebraically the new equilibrium price and quantity if the demand function changes to QD= 12,000- 1,000P or to QD= 8,000- 1,000P. (b) the market supply function changes to QS*= -4,000+1,000P or to QS**= 1,000P. Solution: We know , at the equilibrium point Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded i.e. QD=QS or QS=QD We have, QD=10000-1000P QS= -2000-1000P If demand function changes to QD=12000-1000P or QD=8000-1000 We get , 12000-1000P=2000-1000P -1000P+1000P= -12000P-2000P P = 12000 P= 12000 The new equilibrium price will be $12000 BY substituting the value of P in the demand function and supply function, 12000-1000(12000)=-2000-1000(12000) 12000-120,00,000= -2000-120,00,000 14000 The new equilibrium quantity is 14000 For market supply function, QS= 4000 +1000P or QS=1000P Now, the equation will be 10000-1000P=-4000+1000P -1000P-1000P= -4000- 10000 -P= -14000 P=14000 The equilibrium price is $16000 By substituting the value of P, will be , 10000-1000P=1000P 10000-1000(16000)=-4000+1000(16000) 10000-140,00,000=-4000+140,00,000 6000 The equilibrium quantity will be 6000 7) From Figure 8-4, determine the effect of a 33 percent import tariff on commodity X. * The tariff-inclusive price will be $3(1+.33) = $4. What are the impacts of tariff on domestic consumption, domestic production, imports, and governments tariff revenue? Please show the numbers, for example, the domestic consumption will decrease from 600X to 500X. Solution: The tariff inclusive price will be $3(1+.33)=$4 , the price of the commodity will be $4 and as a result the price of the commodity X will rise from $3 to $4.Tariff is a tax added to the costs imported goods and sometimes to exported goods. The domestic consumption will decrease due to the addition of tariff which will result to an increase in the price of the commodity. As the price of the commodity will increase, the demand for the commodity will decline which will result in a reduction in consumption from 600X to 500X. The domestic production will increase as the producers in the importing country will experience an increase in well-being as a result of tariff from 200X to 300X. The increase in the price of their product on the domestic market increases producer surplus in the industry. The government tariffs revenue will increase as a result of increase in tariffs as governments receives the tariff and also depends on the way how the government spends. 9) Starting from Figure 8-6 showing the short-run price and output determination by the monopolist, suppose that the average fixed costs of the monopolist increase by $5 and that its AVC is $6 less than the new ATC at the best level of output. ATC=AFC+AVC. After AFC increases by $5, ATC will increase by $5 (ATC curve moves up vertically by $5 for every output Q) and MC, D and MR stay the same. The AFC for 500 units is $6, in other words, the TFC is $3,000. Answer: Average total cost-Average fixed cost + Average variable cost Given ATC=$8, a increase in average fixed cost $5 and AVC is $6 less then, After the increase in AFC the ATC will be appreciated by $5 as a result of this ATC curve will move upwards vertically by $5 for every level of output. The best level of out is where MC=MR which is 500 units. AFC for best level of output i.e. 500 is $6 and TFC is $30,000.